Computer Basics
Operating Systems:
Internal and External DOS commands
Exploring and Working with Windows 9x
Parts of a Computer
Motherboard Features
Cards and Buses: ISA, PCI & AGP
Virtual Memory and Cache Memory
Base, Extended and Expanded Memory
HDD Concepts
Formatting
Partitioning
Filesystems – FAT 16 (FAT), FAT32, NTFS
Installation of Various Operating Systems
Installation of Device Drivers
Assembling
Networking concepts
Configuration of Domain & Workgroup
Network Administration
Basic Electronics
Troubleshooting
Vocabulary
Abbreviations AGP Accelerated Graphics Port
AMD Advanced Micro Devices
AMI American Megatrends Incorporated
AT Advanced Technology
ATX Advanced Technology Extended
BIOS Basic Input Output Software
CMOS Complimentary Metallic Oxide Semiconductor
DIMM Dual in Memory Module
DMA Direct Memory Access
DOS Disk Operating System
EISA Extended ISA
EMI ElectroMagnetic Interference
FAT File Allocation Table
IDE Integrated Drive Electronics
ISA Industry Standard Architecture
LIMM Linear in Memory Module
NIC Network Interface Card
NTFS New Technology File System
PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect
POST Power on self-Test
RAM Random Access Memory
ROM Read only Memory
SCSI Small Computer System Interface
SIMM Serial in Memory Module
SMPS Switching Mode Power Supply
SVGA Super Video Graphics Adapter
USB Universal Serial Bus
VESA VL Bus or Local Bus
VGA Video Graphics Adapter
Kilo 103
Mega 106
Giga 109
Tera
Milli 10 – 3
Micro 10 – 6
Nano 10 –9
Pico 10 –12
Femto 10 -15
Cache Memory
Device Drivers
Fdisk
Format
Map
MBR
Operating System
Partition
Path Command
SETUP Options
Virtual Memory
Write – Protect
DOS Commands:
1. To Clear the Screen
Cls
2. To see the Date, Time & version
Date
Time
Ver
3. To see the contents of a Drive- Files and Directories
Dir, dir/?
4. To create a file
Copy con filename
5. To see the contents of a file
Type filename
6. To modify a file
Edit filename
7. To change the file name
Ren old filename new filename
8. To remove a file
Del filename
9. To shift a file from one location to another
Move filename path
10. To create a copy of a file in another location
Copy filename path
11. To change the properties of a file
Attrib/?
12. To make a file read only
Attrib filename +r
13. To hide a file
Attrib filename +h
14. To compare 2 files
Fc file1 file2
15. To create a directory or folder
Md directory name
16. To go to a particular Directory
Cd directory name
17. To go one-step back
cd..
18. To go to root of a drive
cd\
19. To change the name of a Directory
Ren old directory name new directory name
20. To remove an empty directory
Rd directory name
21. To remove a directory having sub directories and files
Deltree directoryname
22. To copy multiple files, Directories and sub directories
Xcopy
23. To give the path for Dos external commands
Path= c:\windows\command
24. To change the prompt
Prompt
25. To see the name of a drive
Vol
26. To change the name of a drive
Label name
27. To scan the HDD for bad sectors
Scandisk
Chkdsk
28. To save files being typed at the prompt
Doskey
F7, Alt + F9, Alt + F7
29. To make a copy of a Disk
Diskcopy a: a: or Diskcopy a: b:
30. To copy system files
Sys
31. To prepare a new HDD for data storage after partitioning
Format
32. To partition a Hard disk
Fdisk
Exploring and Working with Windows 9x:
Working with Notepad, Wordpad, MSPaint and Calculator
Creating Shortcuts
Using Find to search for folders and Files
Working with My Computer to Access local Drives
Working with Windows Explorer to browse the computer
Shifting Between MSDOS & Windows 9x.
Using F8 to view various options of Booting
· Drag and drop
Using ALT, CTRL, Shift and TAB Keys
Shifting between Applications & Multiple Windows,
Setting attributes to files in Windows
Display Properties – Setting Wallpaper, Screensavers etc.,
Control Panel Options – eg. Mouse Settings.
Changing System Time and Date
Using Run from the Start Menu
TaskBar Properties
Folder Options
My Documents
· Recycle Bin
Definitions:
Databases:
Software installed on the Operating System that is used to manage, organize data. On a Network, there are 2 components of a database: Backend and Frontend.
Backend: Oracle 8i, SQL Server 2000
Frontend: VB, VC ++, Dev 2000, MS - Access
Translators: Compilers and Interpreters
We write a set of instructions called a program using a programming language.
These programming languages are called high level languages. The computer understands only machine language or binary language or low level language. The high level language is converted to low level language and vice versa using Compilers or interpreters.
Programming Languages:
Eg. BASIC, COBOL, PASCAL, C, C++, JAVA, C # etc,
In order to write a program (set of instructions) we use the commands of a particular programming language in the correct syntax.
MBR:
Master Boot Record holds partition information of the Hard Disk and also information about which OS should be selected for booting. It is located in Track 0, Sector of the Hard Disk.
Virtual Memory:
It is a concept of using Free Hard Disk space as extended RAM in case of insufficient RAM while loading programs.
Cache:
It is an interface between Main Memory (RAM) and Microprocessor. Data frequently accessed in the RAM, is taken and put into Cache. The processor will access Cache first, if the data is available, it will be accessed, else it will take the data from RAM. There are two types of Cache; L1 and L2; L1 is the cache available in the processor and L2 is the cache available on the Motherboard. Cache Memory increases the speed of data access.
Device Drivers:
A Software for every device that is required by the processor to understand it.
Boot Sequence
Before preparing the HDD, we require or have to prepare a startup disk called a boot floppy. The Boot floppy contains 3 components
System files – IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS & COMMAND.COM FDISK.EXE for Partitioning FORMAT.COM for formatting CD DRIVER
Initially, the boot sequence is set to floppy. Then the HDD is prepared. The CD Drive is accessed and the OS is installed in the HDD. After the installation, the boot sequence is set to C (HDD).
In some cases like installation of Red Hat Linux, we set the boot sequence to CD Drive, the machine will boot from the CD, software for partitioning is available on the CD (Disk Druid) and the OS is installed on the HDD.
Startup Procedure in Detail:
Press DEL to enter SETUP
Detect HDD & FDD Set Boot sequence to Floppy / CD Boot floppy seek – enabled (optional) Boot sector virus protection – Disabled Save and exit – CMOS.
Insert Boot floppy
A:\> fdisk
Create partitions
1.Primary partition
2.Extended partition
3.Extended partition is divided into logical partitions
4.set primary partition as active
Restart
Format c:, Format d: etc.
Access CD
Change the directory, run SETUP, restart
Get into CMOS SETUP and make the following changes:
Boot sequence set to HD
Virus protection is Enabled in CMOS SETUP
Boot up floppy seek – Disabled.
Virus Protection for MBR:
The CMOS SETUP contains an option “Boot sector virus protection” that can be enabled or disabled. Enabling this option will lock the MBR and prevent users from writing on the MBR. This helps to protect the MBR from virus that may attack the MBR and corrupt partition information available here. During partitioning, formatting or installation of O.S., it is necessary to write partition information on the MBR, therefore, boot sector virus protection should be Disabled till this process is over.
Partitioning and Formatting:
A Hard Disk that is freshly purchased has to be detected in the BIOS SETUP Program. Only then information is available to the processor about the type of Hard disk, its capacity, Landing Zone and so on.
The next thing that has to be done after Detecting the Hard disk is to Partition the Hard disk.
Initially a Primary Partition is created and the balance space is allotted to Extended Partition. The Addition of Primary and Extended Partition space will give the overall space of the Hard Disk. Then the Extended partition is divided into logical drives. The primary partition which contains the OS, or where the OS is generally loaded is then set as Active partition, indicating to the processor that this partition contains the OS.
After Partitioning, the Hard Disk is restarted and then each drive or partition is formatted separately. During Formatting, a Table is created, which contains information about the data in that partition, eg. The size of the file or folder, its name, date of creation, attributes of the file, location on the track, sector of the HDD etc.,
Plug and Play:
When a new device is connected to the Motherboard, and if the OS is said to be Plug n Play, it will automatically detect the Manufacturer and Model of the Device. If the OS is fully PnP then it will also automatically load the driver. We just have to connect the device and it is ready to be used. It is understood that the Card or device being connected should also be Plug and Play.
Safe Mode:
Loading Windows with a minimum set of Drivers when windows does not boot properly after loading custom-built or incorrect Drivers.
Base Memory:
Conventional or Base Memory is the physical RAM which is the first 640 KB used to load the Operating system and device drivers.
Expanded Memory:
Memory upto 1 MB is called expanded Memory and the processor accesses this area using EMM386.EXE
Extended Memory:
The memory above 1MB is called extended Memory and is accessed using a file HIMEM.SYS
IRQ:
Interrupt Request is a number provided by the BIOS for each device that wants to use the processor. The processor will identify the device that is requesting to it by the IRQ Number allotted to the device. No two devices should use the same IRQ Number else an IRQ Conflict will occur. But nowadays, contrary to the concept, IRQ sharing is done where more than one device is using the same IRQ. The reason being that there are more devices connected to the Motherboard than the numbers allotted for IQR’s.
Buses:
PCI, ISA etc are all bus standards. Generally there are two types of buses; Data Bus and Address Bus that are tracks on the Motherboard used to carry data and address of the data location in the Memory.
File Systems:
A method followed by the Operating System to access data in each partition of a Hard Disk by reading a Table available in that partition. The Table may be an NTFS, FAT16 or FAT32 Table. If the Table is a FAT16 Table, then we say that the partition is a FAT16 partition.
While partitioning a Hard Disk using FDISK, if we give the option
“Enable large disk space support” as “YES” we will be creating a FAT32 Table
while formatting and if we give the option
“Enable large disk space support” as “NO”, we will be creating a FAT16 Table while Formatting.
Using FDISK and giving “Yes” for the above option, we can create a partition of any size less than or greater than 2 GB, but if we give the above option “NO” , we cannot create a partition greater than 2 GB, that means we can create a partition of Maximum space 2GB.
IDE & SCSI:
These are 2 Technologies or interface standards for connecting hard disk drives, CD Drives, CD Writers and other devices to the Motherboards, where SCSI devices work faster than IDE Devices.
To connect SCSI Devices to a Motherboard, a SCSI Card is required. To connect IDE Devices to a Motherboard, IDE card was required. Nowadays, the electronics of the IDE Card is built into the Motherboard and 2 ports called IDE 0 and IDE 1 are available. Using two 40-pin ribbon cables a total of 4 IDE Devices connected to the Motherboard.
The IDE Controller IC or chip that was available in the IDE Card is now built into the device (HDD or CD Drive). When we connect 2 devices using a single 40 pin ribbon cable to a connector IDE 0 IDE 1 a conflict will occur as to which controller
IC on the 2 devices will take charge of the data bus. To solve this issue one device is configured as Master & other device is configured as slave using jumper setting and specifications on the device. The device configured as a Master will take charge of the data bus.
The devices connecting to IDE0 are primary devices. The devices connecting to IDE1 are secondary devices.
MotherBoard Features:
Type of Processor Supported Bus Speed of the MotherBoard USB Support AGP / VGA Support Amount of RAM Supported Type of Chipset Type of Slots and No. of Slots Type of Mouse and Keyboard Connectors Power Connector – AT / ATX Cache available on the Motherboard
Pin Details of Connectors:
Keyboard 5 Pin Female Connector
PS/2 6 Pin Female Connector
Mouse PS/2 6 Pin Female Connector
Serial 9 Pin Male Connector
Modem Serial 9 Pin Male Connector
Printer Parallel port 25 pin female connector
FDD Connector 34 Pin
IDE Connector 40 pin
SCSI 50 / 68 pin
Monitor 15 pin 3 rows
Slots:
ISA SLOT BLACK
PCI SLOT WHITE
AGP SLOT BROWN
Built in (integrated) Motherboards
Built in VGA
Built in Sound
Trouble Shooting:
Mouse not working
Check port
Check BIOS Settings if the ports are enabled, set to Auto
Interchange Com Port and restart the machine.
Interchange with another working Mouse
Mouse connector cable may be damaged.
Reinstall Driver from Device Manager
HDD not Detecting
Get into CMOS Settings and Auto Detect HDD
Check for Power and Data cable
Check Jumper Settings on the IDE Devices
Check CMOS settings, if IDE0 & IDE1 are enabled.
Interchange IDE Cable – 40 pin ribbon cable.
Connect HDD Detect to another System and Detect
Note: A HDD may be wrongly detected or not detected because some older BIOS do not Support Large Capacity HDD.
No Display
The most common problem experienced with PC’s
Reasons:
CMOS Battery low
RAM not working or loose
Display card loose or not working
VGA or AGP option not set.
Cable from Motherboard to back of Cabinet in case of Built in -
Motherboard may be faulty.
Problem with the pins of the data cable connector of the monitor
Motherboard or MicroProcessor may be damaged.
SMPS not giving sufficient power to the Board.
Steps to Troubleshoot:
Interchange with another working monitor
Check for loose contact with the slot & Display Card
Insert the Display Card in another slot and check
Else check with another Display Card
Check for loose contact with RAM
Put the Existing RAM and check if RAM is working
Else replace with new RAM and see if the Display is ok.
If no Display persists at this stage, Check the CMOS Battery
Replace with a new Battery if available and check.
At this stage if there is no display after all this Troubleshooting
Then the problem is with the Processor or the Motherboard.
Do not add a new processor to this board,
Instead put this Processor in a different board and confirm
If the processor is working or not,
Else the problem is with the Motherboard.
Remove the Motherboard from the Cabinet, connect to a Different
Cabinet and check. If Display problem is solved at this stage, problem
May be with the SMPS.
Note:
Generally while servicing, the Display Card is put on the Motherboard and all other components are removed, except the Power supply, RAM and processor and checked for Display.
It is also possible that in the case of an integrated Motherboard,
Where the VGA is built in, The cable connecting from the port to the port bracket at the back of the Cabinet may also be faulty. Replace with a compatible cable and check.
In different cases, it was also found that if incorrect speed for the Processor is defined in the CMOS SETUP, and the settings are saved, the machine may not boot up or no display problem will occur. In this case, the BIOS has to be cleared using the Jumper settings on the Motherboard by looking at the Manual or resetting the CMOS using soft keys on the Keyboard.
FDD not working
Check Power and see if data Cable is connected in correct direction
Check if FDD is Detected as 1.44” and FDD Controller is enabled in CMOS SETUP
Check if the Floppy is faulty and we are doubting that the Drive is faulty.
Replace with a Different 34-pin Ribbon cable and check.
Keyboard not working
Replace with working keyboard and check
Check the Switch at the back of the keyboard – AT/XT
Position should be set to AT when connecting the Keyboard to AT Cabinet.
Rules of IP Addressing:
1. Every Computer should have a 4 byte (32 bits) ip address and
Subnet mask.
2. IP Address is divided into 3 Classes
Class A 0 – 127 (0, 127 not allowed)
Class B 128 – 191
Class C 192 – 223
3. Subnet Mask for
Class A- 255.0.0.0
Class B – 255.255.0.0
Class C – 255.255.255.0
4. If the server is given a Class A ip address, then
all nodes should contain the same 1st byte as specified at the Server.
If the server is given a Class B ip address, then
all nodes should contain the same 1st two bytes as specified at the Server.
If the server is given a Class C ip address, then
all nodes should contain the same 1st three bytes as specified at the Server.
PC ASSEMBLING
The Personal Computer consists of the following parts:
The Cabinet (Generally called the CPU) Monitor Keyboard Printer Mouse and Modem (Internal\External)
The Cabinet has the following parts:
The Motherboard
Power supply (SMPS)
Floppy Disk Drives (FDD)
Hard Disk Drives (HDD)
CD Drives
Cards (Optional)
Ports
Front Panel Connection and a Speaker.
The Motherboard consists of :
Microprocessor (Socket 370 and slot 1) Socket 370 for Intel Celeron, Slot 1 for Pentium II & Pentium III
RAM and ROM 2 DIMM Slots for Memory up to 512 MD SD RAM and
one BIOS ROM IC.
On Board Floppy Controller Connector.
Two on board IDE Connectors
Three 32-bit PCI Slots for Cards
On Board VGA Port
AT Keyboard Connector
Two Serial Ports (Mouse and Modem) also called COM1 & COM2
One Parallel Port(Printer) called LPT1
10. On Board Audio and Game Port
11. AT Power Supply Connector
Connector for Front Panel Connections.
The following steps are needed to do Assembling:
Open the Cabinet
Take the Motherboard and fix the following parts onto it:
¨ The RAM in the DIMM Socket on the Motherboard
If only one Card,fit in DIMM Socket 1.
¨ The Microprocessor and Fan for the Microprocessor
Give power supply to the Fan.
¨ Fix the 12 wire Power Connectors P8 and P9
In the AT Power Supply Connector on the Motherboard.
The Black wires should come in the Middle.
¨ Connect the Front Panel wires to the Connector on the
Motherboard.They include the Power On,Reset,Speaker and
HDD LED.
Refer to the manual for pin details.
¨ Fix the plastic spacers for the Motherboard on the
Cabinet and lower the Motherboard into the Cabinet.With
A slight thrust fit the Motherboard into the plastic spacers
and fix mounting screws on top of the motherboard to the Cabinet.
¨ Fix the FDD,HDD and CD Drive on the Cabinet,with the
CD Drive on the top position,FDD below it and the HDD at the
bottom.Give equal spacing between the three and fix the screws
to the three devices with the Cabinet.The screws for the HDD are
separate.
¨ The Cable for the FDD is a 34-pin ribbon cable with three connectors.The first connector near the twist on the cable is for Drive A,the second connector for Drive B and the last connector will fit in the FDD Connector on the motherboard.
¨ The Power supply for the FDD is given using the cable with a small 4-pin berg connector coming from the SMPS on the Cabinet.
¨ The Cable for the HDD and CD Drive is a 40-pin ribbon cable having 3 connectors.The first will connect to HDD;the Second will connect to CD Drive and the last connector to the IDE Connector on the Motherboard.
¨ In case of two HDD’s,the first connector is for the first HDD,the second connector for the Second HDD and the last connector on the Cable is fixed to the IDE Connector on the Motherboard.The two HDD’s should be configured one as master and the other as slave using the jumper setting provided on the HDD and the settings as shown on the top of the HDD’s.
¨ Use the power cable with a large 4-pin connector coming from the Cabinet to give power to the HDD and another similar power cable for the CD Drive.
Note: The 34-pin ribbon cable and the 40-pin ribbon cable has one
wire with a different color.Use this edge to connect to pin 1 of the devices.
At the Motherboard end also, the data cables with end having different color are connected to pin 1 of connectors on the Motherboard.
¨ Now attach the port bracket set(provided with 2 serial ports and two cables)to the back of the Cabinet and fix a screw.The two connectors at the end of the cables on the port bracket set goes to COM 1 and COM 2 connectors on the Motherboard.
¨ Attach the port bracket set (provided with a VGA and Parallel port and two cables)to the back of the Cabinet and the cable of this port bracket set is attached to the VGA connector on the Motherboard and the connector(25 pin) at the end of the cable of this port bracket set is attached to the Printer Connector on the Motherboard.
¨ Attach the port bracket set(provided with an Audio port,which is 15 pin female connector and cables)to the back of the Cabinet and fix a screw.The Connector at the end of the cable of this port bracket set is attached to the Audio Connector on the Motherboard.
Note: Identify the FDD Connector, IDE Connectors, COM 1,COM 2, VGA Port, Printer Connector, At Keyboard Connector and Front Panel Connector with the help of the manual provided along with the Motherboard.
All Serial ports are 9-pin male connectors on the port bracket used for mouse and modem.The mouse and modem have 9-pin female connectors.All Parallel ports are 25-pin male connector.
¨ Now,put the cover on the Cabinet and fix screws on it.
¨ Attach the Printer to the Parallel port.
¨ The mouse and modem to the serial ports.
¨ The moniter to VGA Port.
¨ Keyboard to the Keyboard connector on the Motherboard.
¨ Attach the power cable of the Moniter to the SMPS.
¨ Attach the power cable from the SMPS to the Main Switch
¨ Switch on the Moniter,Cabinet and Mains.
¨ Press the DEL Key on the Keyboard and wait.
Configuring the FDD:
By pressing the DEL Key on the Keyboard,you enter into
SETUP.
Press the Enter Key and get into Standard CMOS SETUP.
Using Arrow keys on the Keyboard,move to the option Floppy drive A:
Now,using Page up or Page down keys on the Keyboard configure the Floppy drive A: as 1.44 MB 3 ½ inch.
Press Esc Key on the Keyboard and come to the main menu of SETUP.
Press F10 Key on the Keyboard,give Y (yes) and
Press Enter to save and exit SETUP.
You find the computer is Restarting…..
A Floppy disk by the name of START UP DISK should be inserted in the FDD now and wait for A: drive.
Partitioning and Formatting the HARD DISK:
When you arrive at the A prompt type FDISK and
Press the Enter Key.
Give N(no) and press Enter when you are asked
Do you want to “Enable large disk Space”.
Select 1.To Create a Dos Partition or Logical Dos Drive
And Press Enter.
Select 1.To Create a Primary Dos Partition and Press Enter.
Give Y(yes) when you are prompted if you want to use the maximum Space for your Dos Partition and Press Enter.
You get a message saying Primary Dos Partition created.
Press Esc Key and Restart your Computer….
When the A: Prompt is displayed, type FORMAT C:
And press the Enter Key.Press Y Key to Start Formatting.
Give the Drive Label name and Press Enter.
You have successfully prepared your Hard Disk.
Virus Protection should be disabled until installation is done.
The following steps should be done
if you need 2 partitions on your Hard Disk:
When prompted if you want to use maximum space
For your Dos partition,
Give N(NO) and press Enter.
Enter the capacity in MB for the Primary Partition and
Press Enter.
You get a message saying – Primary Dos Partition Created.
Press Esc and come to the main menu of FDISK.
Select option 1 and
Press Enter to create a DOS or Logical Drive.
Select 2 to create an Extended Partition and press Enter.
FDISK will give the balance Disk Space.
For the Extended Partition.
Press Enter.
When prompted if you need this space
For the Logical Partition D,
Press Enter.
You have created a Dos Partition C and
Logical Partition D in the above steps.
Press Esc and come to the main menu of FDISK,
Restart your Computer….
When the A:Prompt is displayed,type FORMAT C:
And press Enter.
Press Y Key to Start Formatting C:
Give the Drive Label name and Press Enter.
Again at the A prompt Type Format D: and
Press the enter key.
Press Y key to start Formatting D:
Give the Drive Label name and Press Enter.
You have successfully prepared your Hard Disk.
The following steps should be done
if you need 3 partitions on your Hard Disk:
when prompted if you want to use maximum space
for your Dos partition,
give N(NO) and press Enter.
Enter the capacity in MB for the Primary Partition and
Press Enter.
You get a message saying – Primary Dos Partition Created.
Press Esc and come to the main menu of FDISK.
Select option 1 and
Press Enter to create a DOS or Logical Drive.
Select 2 to create an Extended Partition and press Enter.
FDISK will give the balance Disk Space
For the Extended Partition.
Press Enter.
When prompted if you need this space
For the logical Partition D,
Give the space you wish to have for Drive D: in MB
And press Enter/
And the balance space will be taken for Drive E:
Press Enter key.
You have created a Dos Partition C and
Logical Partitions D and E.
Press Esc and come to the main menu of FDISK,
Restart your Computer…
When A: Prompt is displayed,type FORMAT C:
And press Enter.
Press Y key to Start Formatting C:
Give the Drive Label name and Press Enter.
Again at the A prompt Type Format D: and
Press the Enter Key.
Press Y key to start Formatting D:
Give the Drive Label name and Press Enter.
Again at the A prompt Type Format E: and
Press the Enter Key.
Press Y key to start Formatting E:
Give the Drive Label name and Press Enter.
You have successfully prepared your Hard Disk.
Installing Windows in your Hard Disk:
From the A prompt goto the CD Drive prompt
Usually E: Drive.
Change to Windows Directory, (win 98)
Type SETUP and press Enter.
Follow the on screen instructions, Give the CD Key,
Give the path where Windows should be installed in C : or D:
Give Typical Installation and provide cd key,owner name and company name.
Installing Sound and Video driver.
Insert Motherboard CD
1.Select Motherboard company(intel)
Select VGA 810,
Double click setup and complete the exe
Process – Don’t restart
2.Select Folder – Sound
Win 95 folder,
Double click setup.exe & complete the process.Restart.
Else right click my computer,properties,Device Manager,remove unknown devices restart.Windows detects serial communication device, click hard disk,provide driver and complete process of modem installation.
Internet Connection
Start,Program,Accessories,Communications,Dial-up networking
Make new connection,give area code,Tel no, Country.
Using phone line and modem give Account name and password supplied by ISP.Create shortcut in desktop.Double click this connection from desktop to activate.
Operating Systems:
Internal and External DOS commands
Exploring and Working with Windows 9x
Parts of a Computer
Motherboard Features
Cards and Buses: ISA, PCI & AGP
Virtual Memory and Cache Memory
Base, Extended and Expanded Memory
HDD Concepts
Formatting
Partitioning
Filesystems – FAT 16 (FAT), FAT32, NTFS
Installation of Various Operating Systems
Installation of Device Drivers
Assembling
Networking concepts
Configuration of Domain & Workgroup
Network Administration
Basic Electronics
Troubleshooting
Vocabulary
Abbreviations AGP Accelerated Graphics Port
AMD Advanced Micro Devices
AMI American Megatrends Incorporated
AT Advanced Technology
ATX Advanced Technology Extended
BIOS Basic Input Output Software
CMOS Complimentary Metallic Oxide Semiconductor
DIMM Dual in Memory Module
DMA Direct Memory Access
DOS Disk Operating System
EISA Extended ISA
EMI ElectroMagnetic Interference
FAT File Allocation Table
IDE Integrated Drive Electronics
ISA Industry Standard Architecture
LIMM Linear in Memory Module
NIC Network Interface Card
NTFS New Technology File System
PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect
POST Power on self-Test
RAM Random Access Memory
ROM Read only Memory
SCSI Small Computer System Interface
SIMM Serial in Memory Module
SMPS Switching Mode Power Supply
SVGA Super Video Graphics Adapter
USB Universal Serial Bus
VESA VL Bus or Local Bus
VGA Video Graphics Adapter
Kilo 103
Mega 106
Giga 109
Tera
Milli 10 – 3
Micro 10 – 6
Nano 10 –9
Pico 10 –12
Femto 10 -15
Cache Memory
Device Drivers
Fdisk
Format
Map
MBR
Operating System
Partition
Path Command
SETUP Options
Virtual Memory
Write – Protect
DOS Commands:
1. To Clear the Screen
Cls
2. To see the Date, Time & version
Date
Time
Ver
3. To see the contents of a Drive- Files and Directories
Dir, dir/?
4. To create a file
Copy con filename
5. To see the contents of a file
Type filename
6. To modify a file
Edit filename
7. To change the file name
Ren old filename new filename
8. To remove a file
Del filename
9. To shift a file from one location to another
Move filename path
10. To create a copy of a file in another location
Copy filename path
11. To change the properties of a file
Attrib/?
12. To make a file read only
Attrib filename +r
13. To hide a file
Attrib filename +h
14. To compare 2 files
Fc file1 file2
15. To create a directory or folder
Md directory name
16. To go to a particular Directory
Cd directory name
17. To go one-step back
cd..
18. To go to root of a drive
cd\
19. To change the name of a Directory
Ren old directory name new directory name
20. To remove an empty directory
Rd directory name
21. To remove a directory having sub directories and files
Deltree directoryname
22. To copy multiple files, Directories and sub directories
Xcopy
23. To give the path for Dos external commands
Path= c:\windows\command
24. To change the prompt
Prompt
25. To see the name of a drive
Vol
26. To change the name of a drive
Label name
27. To scan the HDD for bad sectors
Scandisk
Chkdsk
28. To save files being typed at the prompt
Doskey
F7, Alt + F9, Alt + F7
29. To make a copy of a Disk
Diskcopy a: a: or Diskcopy a: b:
30. To copy system files
Sys
31. To prepare a new HDD for data storage after partitioning
Format
32. To partition a Hard disk
Fdisk
Exploring and Working with Windows 9x:
Working with Notepad, Wordpad, MSPaint and Calculator
Creating Shortcuts
Using Find to search for folders and Files
Working with My Computer to Access local Drives
Working with Windows Explorer to browse the computer
Shifting Between MSDOS & Windows 9x.
Using F8 to view various options of Booting
· Drag and drop
Using ALT, CTRL, Shift and TAB Keys
Shifting between Applications & Multiple Windows,
Setting attributes to files in Windows
Display Properties – Setting Wallpaper, Screensavers etc.,
Control Panel Options – eg. Mouse Settings.
Changing System Time and Date
Using Run from the Start Menu
TaskBar Properties
Folder Options
My Documents
· Recycle Bin
Definitions:
Databases:
Software installed on the Operating System that is used to manage, organize data. On a Network, there are 2 components of a database: Backend and Frontend.
Backend: Oracle 8i, SQL Server 2000
Frontend: VB, VC ++, Dev 2000, MS - Access
Translators: Compilers and Interpreters
We write a set of instructions called a program using a programming language.
These programming languages are called high level languages. The computer understands only machine language or binary language or low level language. The high level language is converted to low level language and vice versa using Compilers or interpreters.
Programming Languages:
Eg. BASIC, COBOL, PASCAL, C, C++, JAVA, C # etc,
In order to write a program (set of instructions) we use the commands of a particular programming language in the correct syntax.
MBR:
Master Boot Record holds partition information of the Hard Disk and also information about which OS should be selected for booting. It is located in Track 0, Sector of the Hard Disk.
Virtual Memory:
It is a concept of using Free Hard Disk space as extended RAM in case of insufficient RAM while loading programs.
Cache:
It is an interface between Main Memory (RAM) and Microprocessor. Data frequently accessed in the RAM, is taken and put into Cache. The processor will access Cache first, if the data is available, it will be accessed, else it will take the data from RAM. There are two types of Cache; L1 and L2; L1 is the cache available in the processor and L2 is the cache available on the Motherboard. Cache Memory increases the speed of data access.
Device Drivers:
A Software for every device that is required by the processor to understand it.
Boot Sequence
Before preparing the HDD, we require or have to prepare a startup disk called a boot floppy. The Boot floppy contains 3 components
System files – IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS & COMMAND.COM FDISK.EXE for Partitioning FORMAT.COM for formatting CD DRIVER
Initially, the boot sequence is set to floppy. Then the HDD is prepared. The CD Drive is accessed and the OS is installed in the HDD. After the installation, the boot sequence is set to C (HDD).
In some cases like installation of Red Hat Linux, we set the boot sequence to CD Drive, the machine will boot from the CD, software for partitioning is available on the CD (Disk Druid) and the OS is installed on the HDD.
Startup Procedure in Detail:
Press DEL to enter SETUP
Detect HDD & FDD Set Boot sequence to Floppy / CD Boot floppy seek – enabled (optional) Boot sector virus protection – Disabled Save and exit – CMOS.
Insert Boot floppy
A:\> fdisk
Create partitions
1.Primary partition
2.Extended partition
3.Extended partition is divided into logical partitions
4.set primary partition as active
Restart
Format c:, Format d: etc.
Access CD
Change the directory, run SETUP, restart
Get into CMOS SETUP and make the following changes:
Boot sequence set to HD
Virus protection is Enabled in CMOS SETUP
Boot up floppy seek – Disabled.
Virus Protection for MBR:
The CMOS SETUP contains an option “Boot sector virus protection” that can be enabled or disabled. Enabling this option will lock the MBR and prevent users from writing on the MBR. This helps to protect the MBR from virus that may attack the MBR and corrupt partition information available here. During partitioning, formatting or installation of O.S., it is necessary to write partition information on the MBR, therefore, boot sector virus protection should be Disabled till this process is over.
Partitioning and Formatting:
A Hard Disk that is freshly purchased has to be detected in the BIOS SETUP Program. Only then information is available to the processor about the type of Hard disk, its capacity, Landing Zone and so on.
The next thing that has to be done after Detecting the Hard disk is to Partition the Hard disk.
Initially a Primary Partition is created and the balance space is allotted to Extended Partition. The Addition of Primary and Extended Partition space will give the overall space of the Hard Disk. Then the Extended partition is divided into logical drives. The primary partition which contains the OS, or where the OS is generally loaded is then set as Active partition, indicating to the processor that this partition contains the OS.
After Partitioning, the Hard Disk is restarted and then each drive or partition is formatted separately. During Formatting, a Table is created, which contains information about the data in that partition, eg. The size of the file or folder, its name, date of creation, attributes of the file, location on the track, sector of the HDD etc.,
Plug and Play:
When a new device is connected to the Motherboard, and if the OS is said to be Plug n Play, it will automatically detect the Manufacturer and Model of the Device. If the OS is fully PnP then it will also automatically load the driver. We just have to connect the device and it is ready to be used. It is understood that the Card or device being connected should also be Plug and Play.
Safe Mode:
Loading Windows with a minimum set of Drivers when windows does not boot properly after loading custom-built or incorrect Drivers.
Base Memory:
Conventional or Base Memory is the physical RAM which is the first 640 KB used to load the Operating system and device drivers.
Expanded Memory:
Memory upto 1 MB is called expanded Memory and the processor accesses this area using EMM386.EXE
Extended Memory:
The memory above 1MB is called extended Memory and is accessed using a file HIMEM.SYS
IRQ:
Interrupt Request is a number provided by the BIOS for each device that wants to use the processor. The processor will identify the device that is requesting to it by the IRQ Number allotted to the device. No two devices should use the same IRQ Number else an IRQ Conflict will occur. But nowadays, contrary to the concept, IRQ sharing is done where more than one device is using the same IRQ. The reason being that there are more devices connected to the Motherboard than the numbers allotted for IQR’s.
Buses:
PCI, ISA etc are all bus standards. Generally there are two types of buses; Data Bus and Address Bus that are tracks on the Motherboard used to carry data and address of the data location in the Memory.
File Systems:
A method followed by the Operating System to access data in each partition of a Hard Disk by reading a Table available in that partition. The Table may be an NTFS, FAT16 or FAT32 Table. If the Table is a FAT16 Table, then we say that the partition is a FAT16 partition.
While partitioning a Hard Disk using FDISK, if we give the option
“Enable large disk space support” as “YES” we will be creating a FAT32 Table
while formatting and if we give the option
“Enable large disk space support” as “NO”, we will be creating a FAT16 Table while Formatting.
Using FDISK and giving “Yes” for the above option, we can create a partition of any size less than or greater than 2 GB, but if we give the above option “NO” , we cannot create a partition greater than 2 GB, that means we can create a partition of Maximum space 2GB.
IDE & SCSI:
These are 2 Technologies or interface standards for connecting hard disk drives, CD Drives, CD Writers and other devices to the Motherboards, where SCSI devices work faster than IDE Devices.
To connect SCSI Devices to a Motherboard, a SCSI Card is required. To connect IDE Devices to a Motherboard, IDE card was required. Nowadays, the electronics of the IDE Card is built into the Motherboard and 2 ports called IDE 0 and IDE 1 are available. Using two 40-pin ribbon cables a total of 4 IDE Devices connected to the Motherboard.
The IDE Controller IC or chip that was available in the IDE Card is now built into the device (HDD or CD Drive). When we connect 2 devices using a single 40 pin ribbon cable to a connector IDE 0 IDE 1 a conflict will occur as to which controller
IC on the 2 devices will take charge of the data bus. To solve this issue one device is configured as Master & other device is configured as slave using jumper setting and specifications on the device. The device configured as a Master will take charge of the data bus.
The devices connecting to IDE0 are primary devices. The devices connecting to IDE1 are secondary devices.
MotherBoard Features:
Type of Processor Supported Bus Speed of the MotherBoard USB Support AGP / VGA Support Amount of RAM Supported Type of Chipset Type of Slots and No. of Slots Type of Mouse and Keyboard Connectors Power Connector – AT / ATX Cache available on the Motherboard
Pin Details of Connectors:
Keyboard 5 Pin Female Connector
PS/2 6 Pin Female Connector
Mouse PS/2 6 Pin Female Connector
Serial 9 Pin Male Connector
Modem Serial 9 Pin Male Connector
Printer Parallel port 25 pin female connector
FDD Connector 34 Pin
IDE Connector 40 pin
SCSI 50 / 68 pin
Monitor 15 pin 3 rows
Slots:
ISA SLOT BLACK
PCI SLOT WHITE
AGP SLOT BROWN
Built in (integrated) Motherboards
Built in VGA
Built in Sound
Trouble Shooting:
Mouse not working
Check port
Check BIOS Settings if the ports are enabled, set to Auto
Interchange Com Port and restart the machine.
Interchange with another working Mouse
Mouse connector cable may be damaged.
Reinstall Driver from Device Manager
HDD not Detecting
Get into CMOS Settings and Auto Detect HDD
Check for Power and Data cable
Check Jumper Settings on the IDE Devices
Check CMOS settings, if IDE0 & IDE1 are enabled.
Interchange IDE Cable – 40 pin ribbon cable.
Connect HDD Detect to another System and Detect
Note: A HDD may be wrongly detected or not detected because some older BIOS do not Support Large Capacity HDD.
No Display
The most common problem experienced with PC’s
Reasons:
CMOS Battery low
RAM not working or loose
Display card loose or not working
VGA or AGP option not set.
Cable from Motherboard to back of Cabinet in case of Built in -
Motherboard may be faulty.
Problem with the pins of the data cable connector of the monitor
Motherboard or MicroProcessor may be damaged.
SMPS not giving sufficient power to the Board.
Steps to Troubleshoot:
Interchange with another working monitor
Check for loose contact with the slot & Display Card
Insert the Display Card in another slot and check
Else check with another Display Card
Check for loose contact with RAM
Put the Existing RAM and check if RAM is working
Else replace with new RAM and see if the Display is ok.
If no Display persists at this stage, Check the CMOS Battery
Replace with a new Battery if available and check.
At this stage if there is no display after all this Troubleshooting
Then the problem is with the Processor or the Motherboard.
Do not add a new processor to this board,
Instead put this Processor in a different board and confirm
If the processor is working or not,
Else the problem is with the Motherboard.
Remove the Motherboard from the Cabinet, connect to a Different
Cabinet and check. If Display problem is solved at this stage, problem
May be with the SMPS.
Note:
Generally while servicing, the Display Card is put on the Motherboard and all other components are removed, except the Power supply, RAM and processor and checked for Display.
It is also possible that in the case of an integrated Motherboard,
Where the VGA is built in, The cable connecting from the port to the port bracket at the back of the Cabinet may also be faulty. Replace with a compatible cable and check.
In different cases, it was also found that if incorrect speed for the Processor is defined in the CMOS SETUP, and the settings are saved, the machine may not boot up or no display problem will occur. In this case, the BIOS has to be cleared using the Jumper settings on the Motherboard by looking at the Manual or resetting the CMOS using soft keys on the Keyboard.
FDD not working
Check Power and see if data Cable is connected in correct direction
Check if FDD is Detected as 1.44” and FDD Controller is enabled in CMOS SETUP
Check if the Floppy is faulty and we are doubting that the Drive is faulty.
Replace with a Different 34-pin Ribbon cable and check.
Keyboard not working
Replace with working keyboard and check
Check the Switch at the back of the keyboard – AT/XT
Position should be set to AT when connecting the Keyboard to AT Cabinet.
Rules of IP Addressing:
1. Every Computer should have a 4 byte (32 bits) ip address and
Subnet mask.
2. IP Address is divided into 3 Classes
Class A 0 – 127 (0, 127 not allowed)
Class B 128 – 191
Class C 192 – 223
3. Subnet Mask for
Class A- 255.0.0.0
Class B – 255.255.0.0
Class C – 255.255.255.0
4. If the server is given a Class A ip address, then
all nodes should contain the same 1st byte as specified at the Server.
If the server is given a Class B ip address, then
all nodes should contain the same 1st two bytes as specified at the Server.
If the server is given a Class C ip address, then
all nodes should contain the same 1st three bytes as specified at the Server.
PC ASSEMBLING
The Personal Computer consists of the following parts:
The Cabinet (Generally called the CPU) Monitor Keyboard Printer Mouse and Modem (Internal\External)
The Cabinet has the following parts:
The Motherboard
Power supply (SMPS)
Floppy Disk Drives (FDD)
Hard Disk Drives (HDD)
CD Drives
Cards (Optional)
Ports
Front Panel Connection and a Speaker.
The Motherboard consists of :
Microprocessor (Socket 370 and slot 1) Socket 370 for Intel Celeron, Slot 1 for Pentium II & Pentium III
RAM and ROM 2 DIMM Slots for Memory up to 512 MD SD RAM and
one BIOS ROM IC.
On Board Floppy Controller Connector.
Two on board IDE Connectors
Three 32-bit PCI Slots for Cards
On Board VGA Port
AT Keyboard Connector
Two Serial Ports (Mouse and Modem) also called COM1 & COM2
One Parallel Port(Printer) called LPT1
10. On Board Audio and Game Port
11. AT Power Supply Connector
Connector for Front Panel Connections.
The following steps are needed to do Assembling:
Open the Cabinet
Take the Motherboard and fix the following parts onto it:
¨ The RAM in the DIMM Socket on the Motherboard
If only one Card,fit in DIMM Socket 1.
¨ The Microprocessor and Fan for the Microprocessor
Give power supply to the Fan.
¨ Fix the 12 wire Power Connectors P8 and P9
In the AT Power Supply Connector on the Motherboard.
The Black wires should come in the Middle.
¨ Connect the Front Panel wires to the Connector on the
Motherboard.They include the Power On,Reset,Speaker and
HDD LED.
Refer to the manual for pin details.
¨ Fix the plastic spacers for the Motherboard on the
Cabinet and lower the Motherboard into the Cabinet.With
A slight thrust fit the Motherboard into the plastic spacers
and fix mounting screws on top of the motherboard to the Cabinet.
¨ Fix the FDD,HDD and CD Drive on the Cabinet,with the
CD Drive on the top position,FDD below it and the HDD at the
bottom.Give equal spacing between the three and fix the screws
to the three devices with the Cabinet.The screws for the HDD are
separate.
¨ The Cable for the FDD is a 34-pin ribbon cable with three connectors.The first connector near the twist on the cable is for Drive A,the second connector for Drive B and the last connector will fit in the FDD Connector on the motherboard.
¨ The Power supply for the FDD is given using the cable with a small 4-pin berg connector coming from the SMPS on the Cabinet.
¨ The Cable for the HDD and CD Drive is a 40-pin ribbon cable having 3 connectors.The first will connect to HDD;the Second will connect to CD Drive and the last connector to the IDE Connector on the Motherboard.
¨ In case of two HDD’s,the first connector is for the first HDD,the second connector for the Second HDD and the last connector on the Cable is fixed to the IDE Connector on the Motherboard.The two HDD’s should be configured one as master and the other as slave using the jumper setting provided on the HDD and the settings as shown on the top of the HDD’s.
¨ Use the power cable with a large 4-pin connector coming from the Cabinet to give power to the HDD and another similar power cable for the CD Drive.
Note: The 34-pin ribbon cable and the 40-pin ribbon cable has one
wire with a different color.Use this edge to connect to pin 1 of the devices.
At the Motherboard end also, the data cables with end having different color are connected to pin 1 of connectors on the Motherboard.
¨ Now attach the port bracket set(provided with 2 serial ports and two cables)to the back of the Cabinet and fix a screw.The two connectors at the end of the cables on the port bracket set goes to COM 1 and COM 2 connectors on the Motherboard.
¨ Attach the port bracket set (provided with a VGA and Parallel port and two cables)to the back of the Cabinet and the cable of this port bracket set is attached to the VGA connector on the Motherboard and the connector(25 pin) at the end of the cable of this port bracket set is attached to the Printer Connector on the Motherboard.
¨ Attach the port bracket set(provided with an Audio port,which is 15 pin female connector and cables)to the back of the Cabinet and fix a screw.The Connector at the end of the cable of this port bracket set is attached to the Audio Connector on the Motherboard.
Note: Identify the FDD Connector, IDE Connectors, COM 1,COM 2, VGA Port, Printer Connector, At Keyboard Connector and Front Panel Connector with the help of the manual provided along with the Motherboard.
All Serial ports are 9-pin male connectors on the port bracket used for mouse and modem.The mouse and modem have 9-pin female connectors.All Parallel ports are 25-pin male connector.
¨ Now,put the cover on the Cabinet and fix screws on it.
¨ Attach the Printer to the Parallel port.
¨ The mouse and modem to the serial ports.
¨ The moniter to VGA Port.
¨ Keyboard to the Keyboard connector on the Motherboard.
¨ Attach the power cable of the Moniter to the SMPS.
¨ Attach the power cable from the SMPS to the Main Switch
¨ Switch on the Moniter,Cabinet and Mains.
¨ Press the DEL Key on the Keyboard and wait.
Configuring the FDD:
By pressing the DEL Key on the Keyboard,you enter into
SETUP.
Press the Enter Key and get into Standard CMOS SETUP.
Using Arrow keys on the Keyboard,move to the option Floppy drive A:
Now,using Page up or Page down keys on the Keyboard configure the Floppy drive A: as 1.44 MB 3 ½ inch.
Press Esc Key on the Keyboard and come to the main menu of SETUP.
Press F10 Key on the Keyboard,give Y (yes) and
Press Enter to save and exit SETUP.
You find the computer is Restarting…..
A Floppy disk by the name of START UP DISK should be inserted in the FDD now and wait for A: drive.
Partitioning and Formatting the HARD DISK:
When you arrive at the A prompt type FDISK and
Press the Enter Key.
Give N(no) and press Enter when you are asked
Do you want to “Enable large disk Space”.
Select 1.To Create a Dos Partition or Logical Dos Drive
And Press Enter.
Select 1.To Create a Primary Dos Partition and Press Enter.
Give Y(yes) when you are prompted if you want to use the maximum Space for your Dos Partition and Press Enter.
You get a message saying Primary Dos Partition created.
Press Esc Key and Restart your Computer….
When the A: Prompt is displayed, type FORMAT C:
And press the Enter Key.Press Y Key to Start Formatting.
Give the Drive Label name and Press Enter.
You have successfully prepared your Hard Disk.
Virus Protection should be disabled until installation is done.
The following steps should be done
if you need 2 partitions on your Hard Disk:
When prompted if you want to use maximum space
For your Dos partition,
Give N(NO) and press Enter.
Enter the capacity in MB for the Primary Partition and
Press Enter.
You get a message saying – Primary Dos Partition Created.
Press Esc and come to the main menu of FDISK.
Select option 1 and
Press Enter to create a DOS or Logical Drive.
Select 2 to create an Extended Partition and press Enter.
FDISK will give the balance Disk Space.
For the Extended Partition.
Press Enter.
When prompted if you need this space
For the Logical Partition D,
Press Enter.
You have created a Dos Partition C and
Logical Partition D in the above steps.
Press Esc and come to the main menu of FDISK,
Restart your Computer….
When the A:Prompt is displayed,type FORMAT C:
And press Enter.
Press Y Key to Start Formatting C:
Give the Drive Label name and Press Enter.
Again at the A prompt Type Format D: and
Press the enter key.
Press Y key to start Formatting D:
Give the Drive Label name and Press Enter.
You have successfully prepared your Hard Disk.
The following steps should be done
if you need 3 partitions on your Hard Disk:
when prompted if you want to use maximum space
for your Dos partition,
give N(NO) and press Enter.
Enter the capacity in MB for the Primary Partition and
Press Enter.
You get a message saying – Primary Dos Partition Created.
Press Esc and come to the main menu of FDISK.
Select option 1 and
Press Enter to create a DOS or Logical Drive.
Select 2 to create an Extended Partition and press Enter.
FDISK will give the balance Disk Space
For the Extended Partition.
Press Enter.
When prompted if you need this space
For the logical Partition D,
Give the space you wish to have for Drive D: in MB
And press Enter/
And the balance space will be taken for Drive E:
Press Enter key.
You have created a Dos Partition C and
Logical Partitions D and E.
Press Esc and come to the main menu of FDISK,
Restart your Computer…
When A: Prompt is displayed,type FORMAT C:
And press Enter.
Press Y key to Start Formatting C:
Give the Drive Label name and Press Enter.
Again at the A prompt Type Format D: and
Press the Enter Key.
Press Y key to start Formatting D:
Give the Drive Label name and Press Enter.
Again at the A prompt Type Format E: and
Press the Enter Key.
Press Y key to start Formatting E:
Give the Drive Label name and Press Enter.
You have successfully prepared your Hard Disk.
Installing Windows in your Hard Disk:
From the A prompt goto the CD Drive prompt
Usually E: Drive.
Change to Windows Directory, (win 98)
Type SETUP and press Enter.
Follow the on screen instructions, Give the CD Key,
Give the path where Windows should be installed in C : or D:
Give Typical Installation and provide cd key,owner name and company name.
Installing Sound and Video driver.
Insert Motherboard CD
1.Select Motherboard company(intel)
Select VGA 810,
Double click setup and complete the exe
Process – Don’t restart
2.Select Folder – Sound
Win 95 folder,
Double click setup.exe & complete the process.Restart.
Else right click my computer,properties,Device Manager,remove unknown devices restart.Windows detects serial communication device, click hard disk,provide driver and complete process of modem installation.
Internet Connection
Start,Program,Accessories,Communications,Dial-up networking
Make new connection,give area code,Tel no, Country.
Using phone line and modem give Account name and password supplied by ISP.Create shortcut in desktop.Double click this connection from desktop to activate.
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